LibraryWithoutImplicitExportIsPolynomial
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Second thing to watch for is whether all dependencies remain on compatible versions. Easy again. Just check if there is <math>A_{x.y} \rightarrow B{p.q} \in D \wedge A_{x.y} \rightarrow B{u.v} \in D \wedge p \neq u</math>. If there is such dependency, then the repository is inconsistent. Again, this is obviously polynomial problem. | Second thing to watch for is whether all dependencies remain on compatible versions. Easy again. Just check if there is <math>A_{x.y} \rightarrow B{p.q} \in D \wedge A_{x.y} \rightarrow B{u.v} \in D \wedge p \neq u</math>. If there is such dependency, then the repository is inconsistent. Again, this is obviously polynomial problem. | ||
| - | == Can we live with Complete Repositories == | + | == Can we live with Complete Repositories? == |
| - | + | Some may say that ''complete repositories'' are not practical and they are hard to maintain. This may be correct when it is not easy to identify that one reuses a feature re-exported by some module. For example in case of [[BackwardCompatibility#Functional Compatibility|functional compatibility]] one can depend on behaviour of a deeply hidden module (which is re-exported without direct dependency) and this is hard to identify. | |
| + | |||
| + | On the other hand, there are other kind of [[BackwardCompatibility]] where ''complete repositories'' are natural. During compilation one needs all the module [[JAR]]s or header files to be present, not just those that one directly depends on. Even if one includes just '''java.applet''' module (in the proposed [[Modular Java SE]]), one also needs '''java.awt''' because the [http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/applet/Applet.html Applet] class extends (e.g. re-exports) classes from the '''java.awt''' module. The same applies to [[C]]'s use of ''stdio.h'' - it also needs bunch of other include files. | ||
| + | |||
| + | During compilation of our module, all these (re-exported) modules need to be present at certain version. It is enough either enforce all these dependencies to be specified in order to compile (actually this is what [[Java]] compiler does, it does not allow you to compile against ''java-applet.jar'' and subclass the [http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/applet/Applet.html Applet] unless you also provide ''java-awt.jar''), or infer them by the compiler. Anyway it is clear that compilation is a natural moment when one can record (or generate) complete dependencies (so the module can be included in ''complete repository'') for just compiled module. | ||
| + | |||
| + | As the compilation is closely tight to linkage (and ability to link defines [[BinaryCompatibility]]), it is easy to generate ''complete repository'' of modules that can later be easily assembled and linked for execution in polynomial time. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Conclusion == | ||
| + | |||
| + | The way to fight with [[NP-Complete]] nature of [[LibraryReExportIsNPComplete|Module Dependency Problem]] is to generate ''complete repositories''. It is easy to create such repositories when one is primarily interested in coherent linkage of modules. All that is necessary is to modify our compilers to require (or infer and record) properly specified dependencies on all re-exported modules one is using, not just on the top level module that re-exports them. | ||
Revision as of 07:32, 2 September 2009
The LibraryReExportIsNPComplete outlined the problem one has to face when practicing DistributedDevelopment. The page also proved that in its global scope the problem is NP-Complete as any 3SAT problem can be transformed to it.
The page also enumerated implications associated with the NP-Complete nature of the problem and suggested that one way to eliminate them is to code in backward compatible way. However that is not always possible. The other suggested elimination of the problem was to prevent re-exports. This is however this is even harder (imagine coding without the possibility to expose java.lang.String).
Surprisingly there seems to be an easy cure that eliminates the NP-Complete nature of the library re-export. This page describes it in detail.
Contents |
Library Versioning Terminology II
In addition to already existing terminology, let's define new type of repository:
A repository R = (M,D) is said to be complete if the transitive dependencies are explicitly enumerated:
In the above the symbol 
may mean dependency with re-export (e.g. 
) or dependency without re-export (e.g. > ).
The complete repository differs from the ordinary repository in the fact that there are no implicit re-export dependencies. Re-export itself is still possible, but it is required for each module to enumerate dependencies on each re-exported module it sees (or at least uses). Moreover such dependency needs to be compatible with the dependency of the re-exporting module (thus the p remains the same only r and q can differ).
Module Dependency Proof No Longer Possible
The first observation we shall notice is that it is not possible to reuse the proof described at LibraryReExportIsNPComplete on complete repositories. The essential part of the proof relies on the fact that the main module T1.0 has dependencies only on modules 
. There were no restrictions of dependencies on modules 
. This will no longer be possible in complete repositories and as a result we don't have a proof that module dependency problem would be NP-Complete on complete repositories.
Polynomial
Time to ask whether the problem remains NP-Complete or whether it enters the polynomial time complexity? Essential property of NP-Complete problems is that while finding them requires a lot of time, verifying whether a solution is really a solution can be done in polynomial time. However that is what the complete repository does. Whenever we select a module, we also get all its necessary dependencies - we get a solution (in constant time, no need to seek for it) telling us what modules need to be enabled to enable the module on the top. If the complete repository is consistent, then we need to enable just those modules and we have a solution.
Thus the Module Dependency Problem is solvable in polynomial time in complete repositories.
Consistency
Next question is how complex it is to verify that a repository is complete repository. We would not simplify our life if such a check was NP-Complete. In such case we would just trade one NP-Complete problem for another. But verifying that a repository is complete repository does not seem to be hard (e.g. it is polynomial).
First thing to watch for is whether all transitive re-export dependencies are also expressed directly. That is obviously polynomial.
Second thing to watch for is whether all dependencies remain on compatible versions. Easy again. Just check if there is 
. If there is such dependency, then the repository is inconsistent. Again, this is obviously polynomial problem.
Can we live with Complete Repositories?
Some may say that complete repositories are not practical and they are hard to maintain. This may be correct when it is not easy to identify that one reuses a feature re-exported by some module. For example in case of functional compatibility one can depend on behaviour of a deeply hidden module (which is re-exported without direct dependency) and this is hard to identify.
On the other hand, there are other kind of BackwardCompatibility where complete repositories are natural. During compilation one needs all the module JARs or header files to be present, not just those that one directly depends on. Even if one includes just java.applet module (in the proposed Modular Java SE), one also needs java.awt because the Applet class extends (e.g. re-exports) classes from the java.awt module. The same applies to C's use of stdio.h - it also needs bunch of other include files.
During compilation of our module, all these (re-exported) modules need to be present at certain version. It is enough either enforce all these dependencies to be specified in order to compile (actually this is what Java compiler does, it does not allow you to compile against java-applet.jar and subclass the Applet unless you also provide java-awt.jar), or infer them by the compiler. Anyway it is clear that compilation is a natural moment when one can record (or generate) complete dependencies (so the module can be included in complete repository) for just compiled module.
As the compilation is closely tight to linkage (and ability to link defines BinaryCompatibility), it is easy to generate complete repository of modules that can later be easily assembled and linked for execution in polynomial time.
Conclusion
The way to fight with NP-Complete nature of Module Dependency Problem is to generate complete repositories. It is easy to create such repositories when one is primarily interested in coherent linkage of modules. All that is necessary is to modify our compilers to require (or infer and record) properly specified dependencies on all re-exported modules one is using, not just on the top level module that re-exports them.
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